A grammar of the Telugu language/BOOK TENTH

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BOOK TENTH.

ON CERTAIN VERBS USED AS AUXILIARIES.

The verbs a&afck to fall "^cs&ij to cast to strike

to go, and a few more are used as Auxiliaries, being added to the Moot in A of other verbs ; or else, they are added to Participles: thus &>j&i> or equally mean. To start or to be startled,

to joy or be overjoyed. Some alter the meaning, others do not. Thus fcssbti to cut, by adding "acifij&j to the Past Participle forms r*5"3cs&t) to cut off. This is equivalent tbdalnato cast" in Hindustani. Thus mama is to strike or kill ; and mardalna to kill. Likhna and Likh-dalna equally mean to write and bear nearly similar senses. In translating into English we generally omit such auxiliaries.

s**^i4i To go, as an Auxiliary generally denotes completeness: or alters the sense otherwise. Thus T3s(s8 it is spoilt or ruined. ■3ai!r6a»isa it is spoilt or injured, to fall AZ^te to fall

down. oSa^d^a«-pr»6o they are already come. Thus tyfi^TJT0^ or iJS^£r*aMfyoi£> he died. "The phantom's sex was changed and gone" Lady of the Lake.

Added to the Inf. in A it denotes attempt: thus ^^d^aajSo

tr* when I was going to tell you. &l£€r*Qp I was just falling. (This may be called the Inchoative. See Adam Clarke on Luke. V. 6. which would be expressed s^Sfcr-ss"fr) Thus Wto^^aT^sS do not attempt to say so. "tpaS^So Do not think of coming u«a« oaj;So#errS just as I was thinking of coming': as I was about to come.

s5i&^4j To come U<D8;SS or "3 9 cessans it became known. e9-sSj*4je»3jS55£^(S& or SiSwfia the words were heard or became audible. ​పుట:A grammar of the Telugu language.pdf/310 ​ON THE FORMATION OF VERBS FROM NOUNS.

Many verbs are directly borrowed from nouns. Thus from && °& n. s. form BaaSbCfitj v- n. To form, and causally SS86oi£>£> v. a. To form.

Others are derived from Sanskrit. Thus from l*"^^«S» Entrance (2. W. 580) by adding incu (j6"3eo»i> v. n. To enter. And hence the causal ^■^-f-'SksiJ pravesa + pettuta, to admit or

introduce. The affix MU being omitted.

So from i>o&*6.six> pleasure C2W) is formed. tfoS^otSej to feel pleasure, to joy, and "do® S>.ofcoiS>ii Santos-impincu or $Q £i&.'vkx>ii Santosha + pettuta to please, delight, charm, v. a.

MISCELLANEOUS RULES.

The Rules contained in the following pages govern all parts of speech.

They originate in principles which may at first appear anomalous: but pervade all the languages of India,

ON REITERATION.

The principle of reiterating a word is found in every part of Telugu Grammar and calls for particular explanation, because in translating it is requisite to convey the intended import without using a repetition which varies from English idiom.*

When a noun is reiterated, the words are in the nominative though a dative affix is added. Thus 6j*»S5oc»e»» room by room, house for house: every house: not ssio43looao43§, AewSSabejo every tooth, not 8&o«3§6o*38.

5Sj6sS» An affix like nesa. &>ot>tip<&x> goodness. This is with Telugu nouns equivalent to ^&>3 in Sanscrit nouns : as j3 :S8£tf».

j&S, sfc8^; c&Qa&, But, yet, also, besides. "S, "Soi, "So-Be» (Derived from "^i£)t> to rise) Get out of the way! rise! also "Of course, or You see." $8 Well, right.

SsSfsr", or sr»85^8 Exclamations like Oh mon dieu! generally denoting horror.

ON (ANUCARANAMU) ADVERBIAL PARTICLES.

Simple adverbs call for few rules and have been already noticed (pages 131, 132, 167.) Of these, some are Sanscrit: as ^ss^S~ On a sudden, ff^ctfc^s through Justice, i.e. Justly. fe^^SS ignorantly. But Anukaranams or Adverbial Particles call for separate notice. They are used in Sanscrit, in Hindustani, and in all the modern languages of India. Being purely idiomatical, they are not easily translated. They may generally be considered as interjections.

Dr. Johnson calls such words (in his remark, in the dictionary, on Milton's use of Sheer, adv.) " Cant terms or proverbial expressions, not now in use except in low language." His coadjutor Steevens in a note on Shakespear's Richard III. (Act I. Sc. 4.) designates them as '• words of mere enforcement with different shades of meaning, subject to no obvious principle yet certain in their import." These allow of much latitude in translation, and we are often obliged to omit them; because like some Greek particles, they have no definable meaning.

Some precede: others follow the words to which they belong. Some are used as nouns and have plural forms: others appear as adjectives or adverbs.

Some are altered at pleasure in spelling, to suit the metre or to give emphasis. This is generally done by lengthening the second vowel. Thus S^a? becomes 'rear, and AS"*? becomes * ~3~°&f.

The various words "trww-^Twd'ir', ^^re>jSt %rb$, and some others mean Violently: being equivalent with the English words Bang! all at once, slapdash, &c. SS-TfiPTy, tsUaS, ​పుట:A grammar of the Telugu language.pdf/320 ​

All such imitative phrases are called aV^JtoJtf If>>j&"#«6ss»i»j or Fabrications. Thus in English, piping hot, spick and span new. Many such phrases, now considered inelegant are found in the most popular English poets.

Some add the verb w?6*o with an adverbial force. Thus ^^ Gbummana (sweetly) Khanill-ana shrilly "^>?"t>

Phela-phelam-anuta to explode with a loud sound ; the expressions &-qp>S~ or Xtfe^, 's' are merely words for violently

or suddenly.

Others add Thus aa&esfe sharply »sS>OsS>r*p smarting--

Or S\s5>*j To give or to put: as &ox£j£>*-> or S5cxog-3i»Aj

to give a shriek.—Or ^g343 Thus S1 55 a sound imitative of lowing or bellowing &TZ~'bvk> To low—Some colloquial phrases or interjections, as go to! come! ~$ up! are equally untranslateable expletives, such as occur in all languages.

Some few phrases are used in poetry (as happens in Greek and Persian) merely to fill up the metre; accordingly they are called ■ir'is^p sS'sfcoeu pada-purnaca or pegs to " fill the line" : such are Lf), $K, 'tit, iSxs-, 'Re', ss^sr, s&a, sfclr- some of these have indeed a meaning, as in the earth, in the world, well, fitly, &c. But, as used in verse, they are mere pegs. Some similar words are borrowed from verbs ; as Tuvk, ~3vok, ass 2>&^G~ &c. and are

often interpreted as meaning ^Jo^iv shining ; But in truth, they mean nothing.

Ordinary bramin tutors are content to use (j^"5"0^brightness

for any noun and ^"s^f oxX>i> or 2-^f*-> To shine, for any verb, the meaning for which they cannot precisely express. They also use iSsfc-SptfsSM (see T. E. D. in -3o3'-ra>eu) to explain any noun

unknown to them.

Many similar phrases will be found in the Dictionary. In Anirud W. 58 is a curious string of these phrases. Indeed such will be found in Hindustani and in every language of India, as also in French and English. ​పుట:A grammar of the Telugu language.pdf/322 ​The wrong uses of body" and "belly" have been already noticed in page 121-122. The learner will also meet with a few expressions, wherein Hindu simplicity sees no harm 'whatever, while to our notions they are, however harmless, very disgusting. But we, on the other hand, unintentionally offend the Hindus (who warily conceal their annoyance) by many trivial acts or expressions wherein we perceive no impropriety.

Words of relationship are often applied in a manner at variance with the notions of Europeans.

The words chiefly used are &o\% father mother elder brother &a younger brother wjf. elder sister, younger sister, mother-in-law &r>& father-in-law.

But some idioms exist regarding these, great is used for Senior: thus ^Si^^&i. the eldest among my elder brothers: It is also contracted. Thus "SPOoia,"w^tf 0 become ^_^o[S father's elder brother "5>JJ® father's elder brother's wife.

little, is used for Junior. Thus tof^r^ the junior among my elder brothers.

My father's brothers and their wives are styled my fathers and mothers.

The respectful affix """"OS " They" somewhat like "his honour" is used regarding all my seniors. Thus 0£^Co my honoured: my reverend mother.

Uncles and their wives with fathers are perpetually through affection styled fathers and mothers: nephews and nieces are styled sons and daughters: while cousins are called brothers and sisters: the marriage prohibitions among Hindus being very extensive. In the Palnati Charitra page 322, the Lady says to her son "Your seven fathers are gone to this war." This peculiarity of idiom sometimes misleads us in reading the evidence given by witnesses who when desired to specify which, they mean call one ^i*^0l* the father by blood as opposed to disgrace the father by affinity. The feeling of oneness in a family goes be far that a man will depose that he was alone, whereas, it soon after appears that his wife, children and perhaps other relations ​ON RULES FOR FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY. 291

were present. In such cases, we should be in error, were we to condemn his statements as false.

The rules here given may facilitate the translation of Telugu into English, but let us not imagine that translating English into Telugu will be an easy undertaking.

RULES FOR FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY.

In the Telugu Dictionary, Sanscrit words we easily found as they retain one uniform mode of spelling. Telugu words admit many changes. First as to vowels —The compound vowels ai and au are at pleasure written as one or as two syllables. Thus 31 paior <6t») payi kaugili or right) cavugili an embrace.

In the Dictionary, the monosyllabic form, 2- is retained and ^)o», 5"$. are excluded. Each form is equally good: but the monosyllabic form is preferable because used in all words whether Sanscrit or Telugu: while the other form is not so generally used.

The remainder is given under Alphabet.

END OF THE GRAMMAR. ​పుట:A grammar of the Telugu language.pdf/325

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