పుట:A grammar of the Telugu language.pdf/259

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This happens in other oriental languages. But Telugu has no separate word for ' yes' or 'no.' Compare Genesis xlii. 11, and xliv. 28.

Some interjections are used in conversation, to express yes! Thus C9-sr°aha or (tree- aye, aye! Elsewhere some nouns are used to denote reverence : as «mb or aj^escsfir^ yes sir, (your pleasure !)or which bears the same meaning. The words 'the same!' 'the very thing !* 1^6 < right!' s&>8 1 ayey T'Z&oSa < why not?' are also used.

An easy hum or grunt, mh, mh, with a shake of the head "Humph," denotes ' No.' In the negative the lips are closed: but in the affirmative 'aha' the lips are not closed.

ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

"Vfe Xadv And "3s£> Ledu.

The verb t?$t> < to become' connects two nominative cases : or a nominative and an adjective, as w©?5^6 T*efc it is not mine KiljjiSiD «fco-aQ"B-"a£> the horse is not a good one. So5|_ Pearson's a dog is not a lion. Here we see two nominative cases connected.

The verb &ot£>b 'to dwell' always implies a locative; in a place, or at a time. Thus sees," 'is he at home?' is he

alive? <&F^ie*> (lit.' he is') yes. ~^^> he is not. This locative is often understood, not expressed.

Kadu denotes kind, quality, or condition; Ledu denies ' life' and 'locality.'

Thus much is sufficient for the learner: but after some progress has been made in the language the following statements will be found useful. Meantime he may pass by these rules without perusal.

The verb Ledu is the Negative Aorist of &o«oio 1 To Be, dwell, remain': and is also the negative Aorist of £vc7&&> 'to be or accrue.' it is, it is not. The affirmative is 'soar, con